Substance abuse and addiction are related but distinct concepts that refer to problematic patterns of substance use.

1. Substance Abuse:

• Definition: Substance abuse involves the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.
• Characteristics: It is characterized by the continued use of a substance despite knowing its negative consequences. Substance abuse can lead to physical, mental, and social problems.

Examples of Substance Abuse:

• Using a substance in situations where it is physically dangerous (e.g., driving under the influence).
• Experiencing legal issues due to substance use.
• Continued use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance.

2. Addiction (Substance Use Disorder):

• Definition: Addiction, formally known as Substance Use Disorder (SUD), is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain.
• Characteristics: It goes beyond physical dependence and includes psychological and behavioral components. Addiction is often marked by an inability to control or stop substance use despite negative consequences.

Criteria for Substance Use Disorder (DSM-5):

• Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than intended.
• Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use.
• Spending a great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of the substance.
• Craving or a strong desire to use the substance.
• Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
• Continued use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance.
• Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of substance use.
• Recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
• Continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance.

Treatment: Treatment for substance abuse and addiction often involves a combination of medical, psychological, and social interventions. This may include detoxification, counseling, therapy (individual or group), support groups, and medications in certain cases. The goal is to help individuals achieve and maintain abstinence, manage cravings, and address the underlying issues contributing to substance use.

It's important to note that addiction is a complex and chronic condition, and seeking professional help is crucial for effective management and recovery.